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(Urdu) ' |conventional_long_name = Mughal Empire |common_name = Mughal Empire |continent = Asia |religion = Islam (1526–1857) Din-e Ilahi (1582–1605) |region = South Asia |country = India |era = Early modern |status = Empire |status_text = |empire = |government_type = Absolute monarchy, unitary state with federal structure |life_span = 1526 – 1540 1555 – 1857 |year_start = 1526 |year_end = 1857 |year_exile_start = |year_exile_end = |event_start = First Battle of Panipat |date_start = 21 April |event_end = Siege of Delhi |date_end = 21 September |event1 = Empire interrupted by Sur Empire |date_event1 = 1540-1555 |event2 = Death of Aurangzeb |date_event2 = 3 March 1707 |event3 = |date_event3 = |event4 = |date_event4 = |event_pre = |date_pre = |event_post = |date_post = |p1 = Delhi Sultanate |flag_p1 =Delhi_Sultanate_Flag_(catalan_atlas).png |image_p1 = |p7 = |flag_p7 = |image_p7 = |s1 = Maratha Empire |flag_s1 = Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg |border_s1 = no |image_s1 = |s2 = Durrani Empire |flag_s2 = Flag of the Abdali Afghan Tribes.jpeg |border_s2 = no |s3 = Company rule in India |flag_s3 = Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg | image_coat = Imperial Seal of the Mughal Empire.svg | symbol = Imperial seal | symbol_type = Imperial seal |coat_alt = |image_flag= Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg |flag = Flag of the Mughal Empire |image_map = Mughal Historical Map.png |image_map_caption = The Mughal Empire at its greatest extent, in 1707 |image_map2 = |image_map2_alt = |image_map2_caption = |capital = Agra (1526–1540; 1555-1571) Fatehpur Sikri (1571–1585) Lahore (1585–1598) Agra (1598–1648) Shahjahanabad, Delhi (1648–1857) |capital_exile = |latd = |latm = |latNS = |longd = |longm = |longEW = |national_motto = |national_anthem = |common_languages = Chagatai Turkic (only initially) Persian (official and court language) Urdu (spoken) |currency = Rupee |leader1 = Babur (first) |leader2 = Bahadur Shah II (last) |year_leader1 = 1526–1530 |year_leader2 = 1837–1857 |title_leader = Emperor〔The title (Mirza) descends to all the sons of the family, without exception. In the Royal family it is placed after the name instead of before it, thus, Abbas Mirza and Hosfiein Mirza. Mirza is a civil title, and Khan is a military one. The title of Khan is creative, but not hereditary. ''pg 601 Monthly magazine and British register, (Volume 34 Publisher Printed for Sir Richard Phillips ), 1812 Original from Harvard University''〕 |representative1 = |representative2 = |representative3 = |representative4 = |year_representative1 = |year_representative2 = |year_representative3 = |year_representative4 = |title_representative = |deputy1 = |deputy2 = |deputy3 = |deputy4 = |year_deputy1 = |year_deputy2 = |year_deputy3 = |year_deputy4 = |title_deputy = |legislature = |house1 = |type_house1 = |house2 = |type_house2 = |stat_year1 = c.1690 - 1707 |stat_area1 = 4000000 |stat_pop1 = |stat_year2 = 1650 |stat_area2 = |stat_pop2 = 145000000 |stat_year3 = |stat_area3 = |stat_pop3 = |stat_year4 = |stat_area4 = |stat_pop4 = |stat_year5 = |stat_area5 = |stat_pop5 = |footnotes = |today = |image_map captions = The Mughal Empire at its greatest extent, in 1707 }} The Mughal Empire (, ) or Mogul Empire, self-designated as Gurkani ((ペルシア語:گورکانیان), ''Gūrkāniyān'', meaning "son-in-law"), was an empire established and ruled by a Persianate〔 dynasty of Chagatai Turco-Mongol origin that extended over large parts of the Indian subcontinent and Afghanistan. The beginning of the empire is conventionally dated to the founder Babur's victory over Ibrahim Lodi, the last ruler of the Delhi Sultanate in the First Battle of Panipat (1526). The Mughal emperors were Central Asian Turco-Mongols belonging to the Timurid dynasty, who claimed direct descent from both Genghis Khan (founder of the Mongol Empire, through his son Chagatai Khan) and Timur (Turco-Mongol conqueror who founded the Timurid Empire). During the reign of Humayun, the successor of Babur, the empire was briefly interrupted by the Sur Empire. The "classic period" of the Mughal Empire started in 1556 with the ascension of Akbar the Great to the throne. Under the rule of Akbar and his son Jahangir, India enjoyed economic progress as well as religious harmony, and the monarchs were interested in local religious and cultural traditions. Akbar was a successful warrior. He also forged alliances with several Hindu Rajput kingdoms. Some Rajput kingdoms continued to pose a significant threat to Mughal dominance of northwestern India, but they were subdued by Akbar. All Mughal emperors were Muslims, except Akbar in the latter part of his life, when he followed a new religion called Deen-i-Ilahi, as recorded in historical books like ''Ain-e-Akbari'' and ''Dabestan-e Mazaheb''. The Mughal Empire did not try to intervene in the local societies during most of its existence, but rather balanced and pacified them through new administrative practices and diverse and inclusive ruling elites, leading to more systematic, centralised, and uniform rule. Newly coherent social groups in northern and western India, such as the Marathas, the Rajputs, the Pashtuns, the Hindu Jats and the Sikhs, gained military and governing ambitions during Mughal rule, which, through collaboration or adversity, gave them both recognition and military experience. The reign of Shah Jahan, the fifth emperor, between 1628–58 was the golden age of Mughal architecture. He erected several large monuments, the best known of which is the Taj Mahal at Agra, as well as the Moti Masjid, Agra, the Red Fort, the Jama Masjid, Delhi, and the Lahore Fort. The Mughal Empire reached the zenith of its territorial expanse during the reign of Aurangzeb and also started its terminal decline in his reign due to Maratha military resurgence under Shivaji Bhosale. During his lifetime, victories in the south expanded the Mughal Empire to more than 3.2 million square kilometres (1.2 million square miles), ruling over more than 150 million subjects, nearly one quarter of the world's population a the time, with a combined GDP of over $90 billion. By the mid-18th century, the Marathas had routed Mughal armies, and won over several Mughal provinces from the Punjab to Bengal,〔(An Advanced History of Modern India By Sailendra Nath Sen, p. Introduction 14 )〕 and internal dissatisfaction arose due to the weakness of the Mughal Empire's administrative and economic systems, leading to the break-up of the empire and declaration of independence of its former provinces by the Nawabs of Bengal, Oudh, the Nizam of Hyderabad, Shah of Afghanistan and other small states. In 1739, the Mughals were crushingly defeated in the Battle of Karnal by the forces of Nader Shah, the founder of the Afsharid dynasty in Persia, and Delhi was sacked and looted, drastically accelerating their decline. During the following century Mughal power had become severely limited and the last emperor, Bahadur Shah II, had authority over only the city of Shahjahanabad. He issued a ''firman'' supporting the Indian Rebellion of 1857 and following the defeat was therefore tried by the British East India Company for treason, imprisoned and exiled to Rangoon.〔(Delhi, the Capital of India By Anon, John Cappe, p.28-29 )〕 The last remnants of the empire were formally taken over by the British, and the Government of India Act 1858 let the British Crown formally assume direct control of India in the form of the new British Raj. == Etymology == Contemporaries referred to the empire founded by Babur as the Timurid empire, which reflected the heritage of his dynasty, and was the term preferred by the Mughals themselves. Another name was Hindustan, which was documented in the Ain-i-Akbari, and which has been described as the closest to an official name for the empire. In the west, the term "Mughal" was used for the emperor, and by extension, the empire as a whole. The use of Mughal, deriving from the Arabic and Persian corruption of Mongol, and emphasising the Mongol origins of the Timurid dynasty, gained currency during the 19th century, but remains disputed by Indologists. Similar terms had been used to refer to the empire, including "Mogul" and "Moghul".〔〔Empire of the Moghul: Raiders From the North, by Alex Rutherford〕 Nevertheless, Babur's ancestors were sharply distinguished from the classical Mongols insofar as they were oriented towards Persian rather than Turco-Mongol culture. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Mughal Empire」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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